Middle C is above the bass clef and below the treble clef; so together these two clefs cover much of the range of most voices and instruments.
The pitch of a note is how high or low it sounds. Pitch depends on the frequency of the fundamental sound wave of the note. The higher the frequency of a sound wave, and the shorter its wavelength, the higher its pitch sounds. But musicians usually don't want to talk about wavelengths and frequencies. Instead, they just give the different pitches different letter names: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. These seven letters name all the natural notes (on a keyboard, that's all the white keys) within one octave. (When you get to the eighth natural note, you start the next octave on another A.) But in Western music there are twelve notes in each octave that are in common use. How do you name the other five notes (on a keyboard, the black keys)? Sharp, flat, and natural signs can appear either in the key signature, or right in front of the note that they change. A sharp sign means "the note that is one half step higher than the natural note". A flat sign means
